Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv

Table of content

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Overcoming the crisis of the synthetic theory of biological evolution

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The concept of a biological species, developed by Mayr, actually explained only the way a species exists, but it was able to explain the process of speciation. Darwin had also failed to do this before. In both cases, this intellectual fiasco had an objective, albeit different, basis. The reason for Charles Darwin's failure was the lack of a corpuscular-constant theory of heredity recognized by the scientific community, as well as the lack of an idea of the elementary unit of evolution - the population. This made it impossible to form the concept of speciation. As a result, supporters of Darwin's teachings until the end of the 19th century focused their attention on the development of phylogenetic laws of evolution, based on the analysis of morphological, paleontological and embryological data. As for Mayr's failure, it was also systemic in nature: its source was the synthetic theory of biological evolution (STE), which describes the evolution of a species as the population dynamics of changes in the frequencies of exclusively structural genes. However, based on the population dynamics of changes in the frequencies of these genes, it was possible to explain only the mechanism of adaptive evolution, but it was impossible to explain what lies at the basis of the formation of a new species.

Acidophilic actinomycetes of the «Vizeyska» mine dumps: isolation and comprehensive characterization

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Aim. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cultural, morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties, as well as the enzymatic activity of the acidotolerant actinomycete isolates Viz 22-4 and Viz 22-5, obtained from the «Vizeiska» mine dumps, and to perform their phylogenetic analysis. Methods. The isolates were cultured on modified R2A medium. Growth at various pH levels was analyzed using Bennett’s medium, while morphological characteristics were evaluated on ISP1-ISP6 media. Hydrolytic activity was determined by standard methods, and the phylogenetic position was established based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results. It was established that both strains are acidotolerant (growing at pH ≥ 4.0) but differ significantly in their phenotype. Strain Viz 22-5 produces abundant aerial mycelium and exhibits caseinolytic activity at pH 4.0. Strain Viz 22-4 grows more slowly, predominantly forming substrate mycelium, and shows no hydrolytic activity towards casein, pectin, starch, or methylcellulose. According to phylogenetic analysis, the isolates belong to the genera Nocardia (Viz 22-4) and Amycolatopsis (Viz 22-5). Conclusions. The isolated actinomycetes exhibit substantial functional heterogeneity and, based on phylogenetic results, were identified as members of the genera Nocardia and Amycolatopsis. The discovery of these microorganisms in the extreme conditions of mine dumps expands current understanding regarding the taxonomic biodiversity of so-called «rare» actinomycetes within mine dump microbiomes, highlighting their capacity for survival and metabolic activity in anthropogenically altered ecosystems.

FNBP1 as a regulator of tumorigenesis: bioinformatic analysis and subcellular localization in chronic myeloid leukemia cells

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Aim. Formin-binding protein 1 (FNBP1) is an adaptor protein of the F-BAR family that plays a crucial role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane dynamics. Methods. Bioinformatic analysis of FNBP1 expression across multiple cancer types was performed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Immunofluorescence analysis of FNBP1 localization in K562 cells was conducted followed by confocal microscopy. Results. Bioinformatic analysis based on TCGA and GTEx datasets indicates the potential clinical relevance of FNBP1 as a biomarker and therapeutic target, as its expression correlates with patient prognosis and the level of immune infiltration. FNBP1 was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm, with partial accumulation in the perinuclear region, suggesting its involvement in vesicular trafficking, membrane remodeling, and cytoskeletal organization. Conclusions. The obtained data are consistent with the multifunctional role of FNBP1 in cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking, and further highlight its importance in cell migration and invasion, supporting its potential as a promising therapeutic target in malignancies.

Transgressive variability of plant height and recombination of yield traits in winter wheat hybrids

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Aim. The work is devoted to the theoretical substantiation and agroecological assessment of transgressive morphobiotypes of winter wheat with different plant height parameters. Methods. Field studies, corresponding records and phenological observations were carried out in accordance with the industry methods of the State Service for the Protection of Plant Variety Rights. Analysis of transgressive variability indicators by stem height was carried out according to the algorithm of G. S. Voskresenskaya and V. I. Shpota. Results. It was established that the selection significance of transgressive forms depends on the genetic characteristics of the parental components. In particular, in the combinations «tall × tall» short transgressions are promising. At the same time, when crossing short genotypes, it is advisable to select transgressive morphobiotypes that exceed the initial forms in height by 10–15 cm. The selected lines demonstrated an advantage over the Khersonska Bezosta standard in terms of yield by 0.34–0.86 t/ha. High productivity is due to the significant mass of grain per ear (1,74–1,98 g) and the mass of 1000 grains at the level of 42,0–46,8 g. Conclusions. To optimize the breeding process, a model of a universal morphobiotype is proposed: under irrigated conditions, it is advisable to focus on a plant height of 80–90 cm, and in non-irrigated conditions - on the range of 90–100 cm.

The impact of genetic and hereditary anomalies on the productivity of agricultural poultry

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Aim. Aim of the study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of genetically determined diseases and hereditary abnormalities in farm poultry. Methods. The article is review-based and is based on the analysis, generalisation and systematisation of scientific sources. Results. As a result of the generalisation of scientific data, it has been established that more than 80 hereditary abnormalities have been described in farm poultry, most of which are of mutational origin and are caused by the action of lethal and sublethal genes. The most common defects relate to the development of the skeleton, nervous and immune systems, and metabolism. A significant proportion of these mutations manifest themselves during the embryonic period and lead to the death of embryos or reduced viability of young birds. It has been established that the frequency of genetic abnormalities increases with inbreeding, which justifies the need for genetic control and culling of carriers of undesirable alleles. Studies have also shown that pigmentation disorders and other phenotypic variations can persist in populations under conditions of reduced natural selection. Conclusions. Timely identification of mutations, the use of molecular genetic control methods, and rational selection are key factors in maintaining health, increasing productivity, and improving the economic efficiency of modern poultry farming.

Population structure of Myronivka winter common wheat varieties with respect to storage protein loci

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Aim. We analyzed diversity of alleles at storage protein loci in a sample of new Myronivka winter common wheat varieties and characterized the population structure of groups of Myronivka varieties of different breeding periods. Methods. Acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and SDS-electrophoresis of seed proteins were performed to identify alleles at gliadin and high molecular weight glutenin subunit loci. Allele diversity in groups of Myronivka varieties of different breeding periods was analyzed. Results. Alleles at the Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-D1, Gli-A3, Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci were identified, and their frequencies in samples of varieties of different breeding periods were determined. A significant increase in the frequency of the Gli-A1x(9) allele and a decrease in the frequency of the Gli-A1f allele were noted. In some varieties, we identified alleles that had not previously been found among Myronivka varieties. The stability of the population structure of Myronivka varieties with respect to storage protein loci in different breeding periods was confirmed. Conclusions. Fixation of the main set of predominant alleles at the storage protein loci in groups of Myronivka winter wheat varieties of different breeding periods is reflected in the stability of their population structure.

Osmotic stress tolerance at the juvenile developmental stage of wheat

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Aim. To evaluate the level of tolerance of ten winter soft wheat varieties bred by the SGI-NCNS to osmotic stress simulated by a 12% PEG 6000 solution, to identify adaptive juvenile genotypes. Methods. Laboratory rapid screening method for breeding material for water deficit, morphometric analysis of vegetative organs, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and calculation of the integrated tolerance index (ITₓ). Results. Under control conditions, differences among varieties were non-significant (p < 0.05). Osmotic stress caused significant differentiation of genotypes by morphometric parameters (p < 0.05). The highest adaptability was demonstrated by the line Erythrospermum 2437/16 (ITₓ = 0.81) and the cultivar Velychava (ITₓ = 0.78), maintaining the stability of organ growth processes under moisture deficit conditions. The cultivar Nasnaha proved to be the most sensitive to stress (ITₓ = 0.57) due to a significant slowdown in the development of underground and aboveground organs. Conclusions. Modeling stress with 12% PEG 6000 and evaluating integrated tolerance index effectively screens juvenile plant water deficit tolerance. Identified tolerant genotypes offer valuable source material for breeding. The results of the analysis of variance (p < 0.05) confirmed the reliability of the obtained data, while the clear differentiation of genotypes by the integrated tolerance index (IT_x) demonstrated the effectiveness of approach.

Prevalence of sequences of probable clusters of agarolytic genes in streptomycetes

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Aim. Polysaccharide agarose is an important component of the cell walls of red algae. The ability to depolymerize agarose by streptomycetes was first detected in the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) strain. For a long time, this streptomycete was considered the only representative of the genus capable of fermenting agarose. The pathway of agarose fermentation by the strain has been studied, and the genes determining the enzymes necessary for this process have been identified. These genes are collected in a cluster located on the chromosome. To identify streptomycetes whose genomes contain sequences similar to the agarolytic gene cluster of S. coelicolor A3(2) and to establish the genetic relatedness of the identified streptomycetes. Methods. We analyzed information on the primary structures of streptomycete genomes in databases on the NCBI server. During the research, we used a bioinformatic research method (BLASTN program) on the NCBI server. The nucleotide sequences of the agarolytic cluster and 16S rRNA of the S. coelicolor A3(2) strain were used as queries in the BLASTN analysis. Results. At present, only 0.12% of sequenced streptomycete genomes have sequences similar to the aga-cluster of S. coelicolor A3(2). It was established that probable agarolytic clusters are widespread in the genomes of genetically unrelated streptomycetes. Conclusions. The ability to depolymerize the polysaccharide agarose occurs much more frequently in streptomycetes than previously thought.

Salicylic acid as a stimulator of phenolic metabolism in hairy root cultures of Ocimum basilicum L.

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Aim. To investigate the effect of salicylic acid as an elicitor on the accumulation of phenolic compounds in hairy root cultures of two Ocimum basilicum cultivars (purple and lemon). Methods. Basil seeds were introduced into in vitro culture following surface sterilization and cultivated on MS nutrient medium. Hairy root cultures were obtained using the standard Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of leaf explants. To stimulate secondary metabolite synthesis, cultures were elicited with salicylic acid at concentrations of 100 µM, 200 µM, and 300 µM. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin–Denis method. Results. Hairy root cultures of both basil cultivars were successfully established. The application of salicylic acid was found to enhance phenolic compound accumulation in the obtained cultures. For the purple basil cultivar, the maximum phenolic content was observed at a concentration of 200 µM, whereas for the lemon basil cultivar, the optimum was 100 µM salicylic acid. Conclusions. Salicylic acid elicitation is an effective approach for stimulating the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in hairy root cultures of basil. The optimal elicitor concentration is cultivar-dependent.

Reaction of pea plants to the effect of UV-C radiation and exogenous cytokinin

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Aim. The reaction of pea plants (Pisum sativum L.) to ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation and cytokinin benzylaminopurine (BAP) treatment on changes in shoot and root growth, hydrogen peroxide (HP) and photosynthetic pigments content in leaves was studied. Methods. Pea plants cultivar Aronis were irradiated by UV-C at a dose of 10 kJ/m² with a power of 7 W/m². Group of the non-irradiated plants and group of UV-C irradiated plants were treated by BAP in concentration 10^-5 M in 24 hours after UV-C exposure. Length and mass of shoots and roots were measured, sampling to determine content of photosynthetic pigments and HP in leaves were carried out during the experiment. Results. It was found that UV-C radiation stopped pea plants growth, increased content of HP, reduced content of carotenoids and chlorophylls in the leaves. Treatment of plants with BAP after UV-C irradiation increased the restoration of photosynthetic pigments and stopped growth of HP content in the leaves. Conclusions. It was shown that the irradiation of pea plants with UV-C at a dose of 10 kJ/m² stopped growth of shoots and roots, reduced content of photosynthetic pigments, increased content of HP in leaves. BAP treatment after irradiation of plants increased restoration of photosynthetic pigment content and stopped growth of HP content in leaves.

Influence of the composition of the induction medium on in vitro androgenesis of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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Aim. Study of the efficiency of in vitro androgenesis of bread wheat using different induction media for anther culture. Methods. In vitro culture of isolated anthers. The following parameters were determined: frequency of callus formation, number of green and albino regenerant plants (number per 100 cultured anthers). Results. In vitro androgenesis in anther culture in 10 genotypes of winter bread wheat was studied. The frequency of callus induction ranged from 0 to 15.00 ± 2.06 (on 190-2 medium), 81.11 ± 1.85 (W-14), and up to 15.67 ± 2.10 (CBH3). The value of the parameter “green plant regeneration” varied within the following limits: from 0 to 4.33 ± 1.18 on 190-2 medium; 42.89 ± 2.33 on W-14 medium; and 2.67 ± 0.65 on CBH3 medium. The wheat genotypes F8, F42, and F46 were the most responsive to in vitro androgenesis were shown. Conclusions. Genotype-specific morphogenetic responses of winter bread wheat microspores during in vitro androgenesis were identified. The W-14 medium provided a significantly higher frequency of callus induction and green plant regeneration compared to 190-2 and CBH3 media. It was shown that at the stage of embryoid induction the dominant factor is the induction medium, whereas at the stage of green plant regeneration the genotype plays the determining role.

Assessment of the level of drought tolerance of transgenic winter wheat plants with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene

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Aim. To investigate the level of tolerance of biotechnological plants of soft winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) of seed generations T₂ and T₄ to soil drought based on a comparative analysis of the content of total chlorophyll and productivity elements of genetically modified and non-transgenic forms. Methods. Determination of chlorophyll content and structural analysis of the yield. Results. Grain productivity indicators and the content of the photosynthetic pigment - chlorophyll in biotechnological wheat plants T2 and T4 and their original genotypes under different cultivation conditions were studied. Conclusions. Under normal irrigation conditions, some differences were found between transgenic and non-transgenic plant forms in chlorophyll content, but they were not observed in productivity elements. The genotypic difference was monitored, in which the advantage belonged to plants of the UK 106/19 genotype. Drought led to a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments and yield indicators in all analyzed plant variants. The best tolerance to the stress factor was demonstrated by the descendants of transgenic plants, which were characterized by higher grain productivity.

Induction of callusogenesis from different types of explants of rare plant species of the genus Carlina L.

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Aim. To investigate the characteristics of callus induction from different types of explants of Carlina L. species and to determine the optimal conditions for callus tissue formation. Methods. The objects of the study were Carlina onopordifolia Besser ex Szafer, Kulcz. et Pawł., Carlina cirsioides Klokov, and Carlina acaulis L. Root and leaf explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combinations of the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and the cytokinins kinetin (KIN) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The efficiency of callus induction was evaluated as the percentage of explants capable of callus formation. Results. Plants of all studied species were capable of forming callus tissue in vitro. The efficiency of callus induction depended on the explant type, the composition of the nutrient medium, and the concentrations and ratios of plant growth regulators. Leaf explants exhibited the highest callogenic activity, with callus induction frequencies ranging from 80% to 100% on most media, whereas root explants showed lower and more variable responses. The most effective media for callus induction were those supplemented with IAA at concentrations of 1.0–3.0 mg/L in combination with KIN (0.1–0.5 mg/L), where callus induction frequencies reached 90–100% regardless of explant type. The addition of 2,4-D at concentrations of 0.5–1.0 mg/L also ensured high callus induction rates, whereas increasing its concentration to 2.0–3.0 mg/L inhibited callus formation. Leaf explants cultured on dedifferentiation media retained their ability to form morphogenic structures. Conclusions. The optimal conditions for callus induction in Carlina species were determined. The obtained results may be applied to the conservation of rare Carlina species and to further studies of the biosynthetic activity of callus cultures, as well as to the development of biotechnological systems for the production of biologically active compounds.

Stability of mRNA and proteins of the MRPS18 family in vitro

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Aim. The MRPS18 family (MRPS18-1-3) consists of proteins that are the building blocks of the small subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome. Besides, MRPS18-2 exhibit extra-ribosomal functions, taking a part in the cell cycle control, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and maintenance of pluripotency. There are no data on mRNA stability of MRPS18 family genes. We wanted to examine the stability of mRNA of MRPS18 family genes (MRPS18-1-3) and their protein products in vitro. Methods. The mRNA degradation was assessed upon treatment in cells of breast carcinoma MCF7 and rhabdomyosarcomas TE671 with actinomycin D by a quantitative PCR (qPCR). Proteasomal degradation of proteins were studied in vitro, using pGEM constructs and T7/SP6 Coupled Wheat Germ Extract System. Results. The MRPS18-2 mRNA was characterized by the lowest stability among the analysed transcripts in MCF7 cells, on the contrary to the MRPS18-2 protein that showed a high stability. mRNA of MRPS18-1 and MRPS18-3 demonstrated the higher stability, while these proteins degraded with the higher rate. Conclusions. More should be done to understand how mRNA and protein stability influence the MRPS18-2 protein functions.

Use of different culture media for in vitro development of pig embryos

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Aim. To study the influence of different culture media on the efficiency of obtaining and developing pig embryos in vitro. Methods. Biotechnological, embryological and morphological methods, as well as methods of statistical data processing were applied. Results. Stable indicators of crushing of pig embryos in the media «CDM» and «Sage 1-Step» were established without a significant difference between them at the early stages of development. Further cultivation to the stage of early morula indicates a slight advantage of the medium «CDM» (16.4 ± 3.5% and 12.9 ± 3.0%, respectively). The coefficient and index of crushing in vitro embryos were analysed when using different culture media for in vitro development of pig embryos. It was shown that the initial development of embryos in vitro in both media is stable. Conclusion. It was found that the use of «CDM» medium for in vitro cultivation of pig embryos contributes to an increase in the number of 9-16-cell embryos obtained by 3.5%, compared to «Sage 1-Step» medium.

Immune-metabolic crop management through phase-timed anti-stress interventions

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Aim. To develop a phase–time management (PTM) framework linking the efficiency of stress-protective interventions to plant physiological state, and to define phase-specific protocols with verifiable field predictions. Methods. System analysis of plant molecular physiology literature, conceptual modelling of the SA–JA/ET–ABA–TOR multistable signalling network, comparative evaluation of stress modulators across plant states, and formulation of experimentally testable hypotheses for field validation. Results. The PTM concept is based on immune-metabolic multistability with five attractor states (S₁–S₅), hysteresis of signalling transitions, and defined sensitivity windows (PSW, RSW, BSW). Three phase-specific protocols are proposed: (A) cytokinin application during post-ABA recovery phase resulting in + 15% grain yield; (B) glycine betaine applied 72 h before stress preserving ≥ 40% cell wall invertase activity; (C) melatonin + nitrate applied after herbicide stress reducing SnRK1-dominant state duration by 2–3 days. Field diagnostic markers include Fv/Fm, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and leaf temperature. Conclusions. PTM represents a novel systems-level agronomic framework integrating plant physiological state into the timing and selection of stress-protective interventions. Proper alignment of compound, dose, and sensitivity window improves ROI to 9:1–15:1 compared to reactive management.

Synthesis of glycerol carbonate via heterogeneous catalysis for effective utilization of byproducts from plant oil-based biodiesel production

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Aim. To establish the possibility of using heterogeneous catalysts of different nature (based on carbon (graphene oxide), polymer (PEO/PEI) and oxide systems (Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃, Сo₃O₄/Al₂O₃ and NiO/Al₂O₃)) in the catalytic conversion of glycerol with carbon(IV) oxide for the effective use of by-products of vegetable oil-based biodiesel production. Methods. Synthesis of glycerol carbonate via heterogeneous catalysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry. Results. It was shown that the reaction of glycerol with carbon(IV) oxide in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts is possible only under conditions of elevated temperatures and pressures and in the presence of a dehydrating agent (acetonitrile). It was established that the catalytic activity significantly depends on the chemical nature and stability of the materials, with the highest glycerol conversion (21.9%) provided by the NiO/Al₂O₃ catalyst, and the highest yield of carbonate products (2.34%) achieved when using the PEO/PEI polymer catalyst. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate the prospects for the use of heterogeneous catalysts in the processes of glycerol and CO₂ utilization and can be the basis for further optimization of the catalyst composition and reaction conditions in order to increase the selectivity and yield of glycerol carbonate as a valuable substance.

Toxic and genotoxic effects of Atine® phytoextract on Drosophila melanogaster and Allium cepa

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Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the toxic and genotoxic effects of Atine^® extract on the model organisms A. cepa and D. melanogaster. Methods. The toxic and genotoxic effects of the Atine^® extract were studied using the Allium test. The toxic effects on D. melanogaster were assessed under conditions of exposure on agar medium and in a liquid feeding model. The effect of the extract on the reproductive potential of D. melanogaster under conditions of prolonged exposure was assessed by the number of offspring on agar medium, and genotoxicity was studied in a repair assay. Results. The effect of the Atine^® extract on A. cepa within the tested concentrations manifested as a significant suppression of the mitotic index in the apical meristem of the onion root, an increase in the proportion of chromosomal aberrations, predominantly micronuclei and deformed nuclei. Under conditions of Atine^® extract consumption by D. melanogaster in an agarized nutrient medium, no negative effect on adult survival was detected, but 100% mortality of larvae at an early stage of development was observed at a concentration of 6.66%. However, when the extract was administered in a liquid feeding model at concentrations ranging from 0.17% to 2.66%, the LD50 was 0.213%. In the repair test, 0.41% Atine^® exhibited pronounced genotoxic activity. Conclusions. Atine^® extract, within the concentrations studied, exhibited pronounced cytostatic and genotoxic effects on the model organisms A. cepa and D. melanogaster.

Dynamics of chlorophyl content in leaves of representatives of the genus Tilia L. Under the action of technogenic load in the city of Dnipro

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Aim. To analyse the seasonal dynamics of chlorophyll content in leaves of representatives of the genus Tilia L. under the action of polycomponent environmental pollution in the conditions of the city of Dnipro. Methods. The concentration of chlorophyll was determined in acetone extract of leaves on a spectrophotometer SF-2000 at wavelengths of 662 and 644 nm in three-fold repetition. Calculations were done using the Wettstein formula. The results were statistically processed. Results. Under the action of anthropogenic load, the seasonal dynamics of the content of the sum of chlorophylls (a + b) in the assimilation organs of the studied tree species generally repeats the change in the content of green pigments in the plant control area, but their number decreases in comparison to the reference numbers, more significantly in Tilia cordаta Mill. Polycomponent environmental pollution leads to a decrease in the concentration of individual forms of green pigments in the leaves of Tilia europaea L.and T. cordata, and to a greater extent – chlorophyll a. Conclusions. Technogenic environmental pollution by emissions from industrial enterprises and motor vehicles leads to a change in the seasonal dynamics of green pigments in the leaves of representatives of the genus Tilia. According to the totality of indicators of the content of the sum of chlorophylls (a + b), individual forms of chlorophyll and the presence of chlorophylls a: b, the studied species can be arranged in the order of increasing their sensitivity to technogenic environmental loads as follows: T. amurensis > T. europaea > T. cordata.

Versatile web tool for the automatic identification of intronic regions of genes in complex genomes for generating ILP markers (Triticum aestivum L. example)

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Aim. Develop a user-friendly and versatile web tool for the automatic identification of intronic regions of genes along with adjacent short exon fragments (50 bp) in genomic data for their subsequent use in generating ILP (Intron Length Polymorphism) markers. The tool works directly with GFF3 and FASTA files and is designed to simplify the analysis of complex genomes, particularly those of wheat. Results. A serverless cloud system was developed, capable of rapidly processing large volumes of data. For example, analyzing a single wheat chromosome took only 118 seconds. Thanks to optimized search algorithms, the system efficiently identifies target genetic regions even in large genomes. Testing on the 2B chromosome of Triticum aestivum revealed 15,664 intron loci across 4,005 genes, achieving a high density of 3.91 markers per gene. Conclusions. The developed system significantly accelerates the identification of genetic markers (ILP markers) and allows generation of large marker libraries even for complex genomes. Moreover, the results are immediately suitable for subsequent primer design, which saves time and simplifies researchers’ work.

Development of a Taqman system for molecular detection of race 4 Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. vasinfectum

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Aim. To develop specific TaqMan system for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (FOV) fungus race 4 molecular detection, the causative agent of Fusarium wilt of cotton (Gossypium L.), by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Methods. Bioinformatic analysis of nucleotide sequences of the PHO (phosphate permease) and NAT (N-acetyltransferase) genes containing insertions of mobile genetic elements (types Tfo1, MULE and MITE). Design of the internal TaqMan probe was performed using the Primer3 tool. Specificity of the developed system was verified in silico using the Primer-BLAST tool. Previously published primers FOV4 A3-2018 were used in the work. Results. Based on the conserved region of the transposase gene inside the mobile element Tfo1, an internal TaqMan probe was developed, optimized for use with the primers FOV4 A3-2018. In silico PCR confirmed the specificity of the system. Conclusions. The developed TaqMan system is a reliable, theoretically substantiated tool for the FOV race 4 identification, based on the in silico analysis results. System’s specificity, confirmed by bioinformatics, allows proceeding to its in vitro laboratory validation on FOV collection and natural strains, for phytosanitary control enhancement and epiphytotics of Fusarium wilt of cotton prevention.

Mosaic structure of nucleotide sequences of caulimoviruses (Caulimovirus)

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Aim. To analyze the nucleotide sequences of Caulimoviruses of the genus Caulimovirus for homology to integrated sequences of pararetroviruses and representatives of different classes of eukaryotic MGEs. Methods. The results of the search and identification of MGE and endogenous pararetroviral sequences were performed using the CENSOR program. Results. It was obtained bioinformatic analysis data of the nucleotide sequences of Caulimoviruses of the genus Caulimovirus showed that they have a mosaic structure and mainly consist of fragments of endogenous pararetroviruses Caulimovirus-LSa, Caulimovirus-TOf, Caulimovirus-2_NS, SmelV, AeurV, Caulimovirus-MSa2, TABARE, VvinAV_sc2 as well as fragments of eukaryotic MGEs. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, it can be assumed that the evolutionary path of Caulimoviridae may be multidirectional, and their endogenous sequences may be a source of new exogenous episomal forms.

Ukrainian botanist, geneticist and plant breeder academician M. M. Gryshko - founder of The National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine

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Mykola Mykolaiovych Gryshko (1901–1964) was an outstanding Ukrainian botanist, geneticist and plant breeder, and one of the founders of the national school of plant introduction in Ukraine. His scientific activity encompassed genetics, plant breeding, plant introduction and acclimatization, which contributed to the formation of the fundamental principles of modern plant resource science. The scientist substantiated plant introduction as a complex biological and ecological process of plant adaptation, integrated it with plant breeding and agricultural production, and thereby laid the foundations for the rational use of plant resources. He is the founder and first director of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, under whose leadership the botanical and geographical principles for the formation of the garden’s collection and exposition areas were developed and implemented. M.M. Gryshko developed theoretical provisions of plant genetics, demonstrated the importance of hereditary variability for plant breeding, initiated studies on the genetic nature of sex in plants and created methods for its regulation. His works became the scientific basis for the development of ecological genetics and adaptive breeding. The scientific legacy of the scholar determined the strategic directions for the development of botany, plant breeding and biodiversity conservation, while the scientific school he established ensured the integration of fundamental research with the practical needs of agricultural production and ornamental horticulture.

Scientific seminars for «International DNA Day». 2026 – the year of Mykola Dmitrovych Tarnavskyi

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Abstracts of the XX International Scientific Conference «Factors in Experimental Evolution of Organisms» (September 22–25, 2026, Kamianets-Podilskyi, Ukraine)

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