Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv

Table of content

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 17:12:39 +0300

On the occasion of the XXI International Scientific Conference “Factors Of Experimental Evolution Of Organisms”, dedicated to the anniversaries of outstanding geneticists – T. H. Morgan, M. M. Hryshko, and P. K. Shkvarnikov

V. A. Kunakh — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

The article provides brief information about the outstanding geneticists Thomas Hunt Morgan, Mykola Mykolaiovych Hryshko, and Petro Klymentiyovych Shkvarnikov. The XXI International Scientific Conference, “Factors in Experimental Evolution of Organisms” is dedicated to the anniversaries of these geneticists. The importance of these scientific events is emphasized at a time when Ukraine is under martial law and engaged in a difficult war of liberation with russia. The articles and materials published in the collection of scientific papers “Factors in Experimental Evolution of Organisms” provide evidence that the biological, biomedical, and agrarian sciences in Ukraine continue to develop, acquiring new knowledge about living things and laying the foundations of modern biotechnology, biomedicine, and breeding.

Population heterogeneity of walnut's bacterial diseases agent in Ukraine to sensitivity to various copper compounds

L. A. Dankevych, M. I. Zarudniak — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. The investigation of population heterogeneity of walnut's bacterial diseases agents in Ukraine to sensitivity to various copper compounds. Methods. The studies used microbiological and statistical research methods. Results. The population heterogeneity of walnut's bacterial diseases agents in Ukraine to sensitivity to various copper compounds was revealed. The most sensitive to all copper compounds is the pathogen of bacterial burn, brown apical necrosis and vertical ulcerative cancer of walnut Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis. In contrast, the polyphages Agrobacterium tumefaciens (walnut root cancer) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (walnut leaf spot) have a lower level of sensitivity to various chemical copper compounds. All bacterial diseases agents were most sensitive to the combination of copper oxychloride (861 g/kg) and copper hydroxide (236.64 g/l) and copper sulfate. In contrast, pathogenic for walnut bacteria are not sensitive to copper oxychloride (861 g/kg) and vary by sensitivity to copper phosphonate (250 g/l) and copper hydroxide (236.64 g/l). Conclusions. The results obtained by us are only an initial step in studying the population heterogeneity of walnut's bacterial diseases agents in Ukraine. The research may be useful for farmers in developing protection systems for walnut plantations.

Fitness parameters and selection indices in Drosophila melanogaster strains derived from natural and urban populations

S. V. Duz, V. Yu. Strashnyuk — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. The aim of the study was to comparatively assess the selection indices in Drosophila melanogaster strains obtained from natural and urban populations. Methods. The material was fruit fly strains derived from urban populations of Kharkiv from different locations: Sarzhyn Yar (recreational zone), RA (residential area), KhCP (Kharkiv Coke Plant, industrial zone) and the Haidary strain from the natural population. The following fitness indicators were studied in strains: female’s egg production, number of adult offspring, embryonic and pupal mortality. Selection indices were calculated using the Crow’s method. Results. In terms of selection index associated with differential fecundity (I_f), strains obtained from natural and urban populations did not have significant differences. The selection indices associated with differential mortality (I_m) in strains derived from urban populations were 1.6–2.6 times higher compared to the Haidary strain. The total selection indices (I_tot) in strains obtained from urban populations were 1.8–2.5 times higher than in the strain derived from the natural population. Conclusions. The results obtained indicate increased selective pressure in fruit fly strains derived from populations living in anthropogenically transformed urban environment.

Monitoring the prevalence of reproductive organ tumors in dead chickens of high-productive egg-laying cross

L. М. Liakhovich — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Monitoring the spread of reproductive organ tumors in deceased chickens of the high-yielding egg cross Loman Brown. Methods. Clinical observation; autopsy, registration and analysis of its results; anatomical dissection. Results. According to the results of autopsies, 100% of the examined deceased adult female domestic chickens of the Loman Brown cross were found to have neoplasias localized in the reproductive organs (in the ovary, the wall of the oviduct and its mesentery). The peak mortality of chickens was observed in the age range of 720–780 days. All studied chickens were representatives of the same breeding line and, during their lives, were kept in the same conditions. Conclusions. All the examined dead chickens of the Loman Brown breed aged 720–780 days had tumor lesions of the reproductive organs, which indicates their high susceptibility to neoplasia. Accounting for cases of oncological lesions of the reproductive organs in domestic chickens, detected during postmortem examinations, contributes to reliable statistics on the spread of this pathology. It is advisable to create a single information database indicating all cases and variants of oncological lesions detected in poultry of a specific species, breed, breeding line, and age group.

Effects of high concentration spermidine supplementation during larval feeding in D. melanogaster swiss cheese mutants

A. S. Raspopina, N. P. Matiytsiv — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. The aim of this study was to show the effects of spermidine supplementation during the larval stage on lifespan, neurodegenerative phenotype, and locomotor behavior in adult sws¹ mutant flies. Methods. Experiments were performed using Drosophila melanogaster Meigen swiss cheese (sws¹) mutants and Oregon-R wild-type controls. Flies were maintained at 24 °C on standard medium. Spermidine (5 mM) was added to the food during the larval stage only, while lifespan, locomotor behavioral (negative geotaxis and open-field assays), and histological analysis were conducted in adult flies. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism and Microsoft Excel. Results. Larval-stage spermidine supplementation showed no neuroprotective benefit in the sws¹ neurodegeneration model, as 5 mM treatment shortened lifespan, failed to restore locomotor or motor activity, and did not reduce histological signs of brain degeneration. Conclusions. Larval-stage spermidine treatment did not improve survival, behavior, or histological markers of neurodegeneration in adult sws¹ flies. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of lower spermidine concentrations.

Molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in normal and pathological states

N. M. Grynchak, O. V. Sprut, T. B. Vasenko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To summarize current concepts of molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in normal and pathological states of the human body, as well as to evaluate their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and development of diseases. Methods. An analytical review and systematization of recent scientific publications by global literature were conducted. The study focuses on transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression, chromatin remodeling mechanisms, and the role of non-coding RNAs in physiological and pathological processes. Results. It has been established that gene expression in controlled by a complex, multi-level system of regulatory mechanisms that ensure the spatiotemporal specificity of genetic information realization, cellular differentiation, and the body’s adaptation to environmental changes. It is shown that disruption in transcriptional control, epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones, as well as dysfunction of non-coding RNAs, are key links in the pathogenesis of hereditary, oncological, and multifactorial diseases. Conclusions. Research into the molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation is essential for deepening the understanding of the molecular basis of pathology, improving molecular diagnosis methods, predicting disease progression, and advancing personalized medicine.

On the molecular mechanisms of action of tocopherol, prostaglandins, abscisic acid, steroids and strigolactones

B. A. Kurchii — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. The vital functions of living systems are regulated in two ways: chemical (biologically active substances, BACs) and physical factors. Cellular “redox-status” is maintained by specialized oxidant substances (OXs; free radicals, FRs) and antioxidants (AOs). These two classes also determine the functioning and integrity of living systems. This study examines the action mechanisms of natural AOs: tocopherol, prostaglandins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, steroids, and strigolactones. Results. The outlined mechanisms of BACs action describe how natural antioxidants tocopherol, prostaglandins, abscisic acid, steroids, brassinosteroids and strigolactones interact into the body at the molecular level, causing specific chemical and biological effects. Conclusions. Cellular “redox status” is maintained by specialized oxidant substances and antioxidants. This article describes the mechanisms of action of natural antioxidants without the involvement of protein receptors.

Design of DNA markers for intron length polymorphism analysis of α- and γ-tubulin genes in macromycetes

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Development of markers for determining Intron Length Polymorphism (ILP) of α- and γ-tubulin genes of macromycetes. Methods. Use of bioinformatic methods for search of gene loci encoding α- and γ-tubulins in macromycetes, analysis of exon-intron structure of genes, cladistic analysis, design of ILP markers, and verification of the designed primers using in silico PCR. Results. The exon-intron structure of α- and γ-tubulin genes in macromycetes was analyzed. Potential markers were designed to analyze the polymorphism of introns 1–3 of α-tubulins in Basidiomycetes, introns 2–4 of α-tubulins in Ascomycetes, and a set of six of potential markers for analyzing the polymorphism of introns 1, 2, 3, and 5 of γ-tubulins in Basidiomycetes. Conclusions. The feasibility of creating highly universal ILP markers based on α- and γ-tubulin gene sequences in macromycetes has been demonstrated. A series of potential ILP markers suitable for fungal genotyping has been proposed.

25 years after the completion of The Human Genome Project – advances, challenges and prospects of genomics

O. A. Obukhova, M. O. Lastovets, V. O. Bosenko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Analysis of the human genome has opened a new era of biomedical research, where the integration of molecular and technological approaches determines the development of healthcare. The aim of this study is to summarize modern advances in genomics 25 years after the completion of the Human Genome Project and to identify key scientific and clinical directions of the postgenomic era. Methods. An analytical review of literature sources, results of genomic, epigenomic and bioinformatic studies, as well as data on their clinical implementation was performed. Results. A transition from descriptive genome research to functional and applied genomics after initial sequencing was demonstrated. The important role of non-coding genomic regions in gene expression regulation, chromatin organization and genetic variability formation was established. The significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms, structural variations and polygenic risk scores in the development of monogenic and multifactorial diseases was characterized. The contribution of pharmacogenomics, tumor genomic profiling, epigenetic mechanisms and genome editing technologies to the development of personalized medicine was highlighted. Special attention was paid to ethical aspects of genetic information use, including privacy and accessibility of genomic technologies. Conclusions. Genomics has transformed from a fundamental discipline into a practical tool of clinical medicine, forming the basis for precision, preventive and predictive medicine.

Prospects for ribosome engineering approaches as a way to improve moenomycin production by Streptomyces viridosporus ATCC14672

V. A. Olishkevych, R. V. Stetsyk, K. V. Bahriichuk, V. D Rudenko, B. O. Ostash — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Streptomyces viridosporus Pridham et al. ATCC14672 produces moenomycins (MOE), nanomolar inhibitors of peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases. MOE production titer by ATCC14672 is around 1 mg L^-1, necessitating the search for MOE overproducers. One promising approach is to look for overproducing variants among spontaneous mutants resistant to antibiotics-inhibitors of translation and transcription. Methods. Methods of bacterial genetics were employed to raise and analyze antibiotic resistant mutants of ATCC14672. Results. The wild type was quite homogeneous morphologically; frequency of atypical colonies was about 10^-3. One such an atypical colony, L7, was picked for further analysis and shown to produce MOE at the level of the parental strain. Antibiotics lincomycin, streptomycin, spectinomycin, thiostrepton, neomycin and kasugamycin were not suitable for ATCC1472 because of high background resistance to them. In contrast, RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin was successfully used to raise a small set of resistant mutants. They harbored point mutations within coding sequence of gene rpoB for β-subunit of RNA polymerase. Two mutants, RIFS1 and E4, harbored the same rpoB mutation (H437Y) but had different colony morphology and total antibiotic activity. Conclusions. In this work we show that rifampicin can be used as tool to select for mutants with altered antibiotic activity. Our data point to the possibility of co-occurrence of rpoB and the other (as-yet-unknown) mutations in their genome.

Characteristics of new wheat varieties and selection lines created at the IFRG NAS of Ukraine by locuses of high-molecular glutenin subunits

N. V. Sandetska, O. M. Radchenko, L. G. Velykozhon — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To determine the allelic composition of loci of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits and their frequency in new wheat varieties and breeding lines created since 2020 and in varieties obtained before 2015 at the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Methods. High molecular weight glutenin subunits were analysed by electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) using the Lemmy method. PCR analysis was used to determine the alleles of the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci. Results. The composition and frequency of alleles of loci Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1 in varieties and breeding lines created at the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in different periods were determined. The results of electrophoretic and PCR analysis allowed us to identify three, six, and two alleles in the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively. Conclusions. The most common alleles among wheat varieties and breeding lines obtained since 2020 were Glu-A1b (45.5%), Glu-B1al (45.4%), and Glu-D1d (90.9%). When comparing varieties created in different years, a decrease in the frequency of the Glu-A1a allele and an increase in the frequency of the Glu-A1b allele were found. A distinctive feature of varieties created since 2020 is an increase in the frequency of the Glu-B1al allele to 45.4%, which is associated with high baking quality, compared to varieties obtained before 2015, in which its frequency was 6%.

Phylogenetic characterisation and antibiotic activity of natural isolates of the genus Saccharopolyspora

S. I. Tistechok, S. B. Markevych, S. A. Pinchuk, V. O. Fedorenko, O. M. Gromyko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Rare genera of actinomycetes, such as the genus Saccharopolyspora, are a valuable source of bioactive compounds with diverse activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the phylogeny of natural isolates of rhizospheric actinomycetes from the Crimean Peninsula belonging to the genus Saccharopolyspora and their potential to produce antibiotic compounds. Methods. Microbiological, bioinformatic, molecular genetics, and statistical methods were employed in this study. Results. The phylogeny of the rhizospheric actinomycetes within the genus Saccharopolyspora was investigated using nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB genes. Intrageneric differentiation of isolates within the genus Saccharopolyspora was demonstrated. It was established that the isolates Saccharopolyspora sp. Oe 2-284 and Saccharopolyspora sp. Oa 2-139 likely belong to the same species. It was found that the antimicrobial activity of the isolates depends significantly on the cultivation conditions. The most pronounced antibiotic activity was demonstrated by the Saccharopolyspora sp. Oe 2-284 isolate, which inhibited the growth of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The isolate Oa 2-139 exhibited moderate activity, whereas isolates Je 1-415 and Ya 6-223 showed no antimicrobial activity against the test microorganisms used. None of the isolates exhibited activity against Candida albicans Berkhout. Conclusions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA, gyrB, and rpoB genes affiliated the studied isolates with the genus Saccharopolyspora. Certain isolates of the genus Saccharopolyspora demonstrate biosynthetic potential to produce biologically active compounds with antimicrobial activity.

Resistance of maize hybrids of different FAO groups to phytophages and phytopathogens under continuous crops with irrigation

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To establish the genotypic resistance of maize hybrids of different genetic origin under continuous crops (continuous growing) to damage by phytophages and phytopathogens, to establish the level of grain yield without the use of plant protection products under drip surface irrigation in the Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, phytopathological, breeding and genetic, statistical.Field studies were conducted at the Institute of Climate-Oriented Agriculture of the NAAS (Kherson, 2021–2025, 46°38′24″ N 32°36′52″ E). The object of research was innovative maize hybrids of domestic selection. Results. Under continuous crops of maize hybrids of different FAO groups, a rapid decrease in grain yield was recorded already in the second year. The level of realization of the potential yield of hybrids with FAO 320–430 under continuous crops, starting from the third year, decreased by 40–50%, which indicates insufficient genotypic resistance to harmful organisms under long continuous crops. The most vulnerable were hybrids with a longer vegetation period, which have the greatest potential for grain yield (14–15 t/ha). Conclusions. It is possible to reduce the damage of genotypes with FAO 190–290 under long continuous crops by means of selection achievements, however, it is difficult to fully ensure full resistance (immunity) at this stage of research.

The effect of Calendula officinalis extract on morpho-functional parameters of Drosophila melanogaster dystrophin mutants

N. Ia. Holub, H. M. Klepach, O. M. Lupak, M. A. Kryzhanovska, S. M. Horbulinska — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. It was investigated the effects of Calendula officinalis L. extract on morpho-functional parameters and lifespan (LS) of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen as a model object. Methods. The study was condunted using Oregon R (wild type) and DysDf/TM6Tb (mutant) strains. Survival, lifespan, locomotor activity and the histological state of the indirect flight muscles were assessed. Results. Supplementation of the culture medium with C. officinalis extract (1 : 10 and 1 : 20, v : v) significantly increased individual survival: the eclosion rate of mutants increased by 44% compared to 19–21% of the wild-type strain. No significant differences were observed between the effects of the two concentrations of extract. Consumption of the extract (1 : 10) led to a significant increase the LS of mutant and maintenance their locomotor function at the middle stages of ontogenesis. Histological analysis confirmed the myoprotective effect of the extract: the proportion of structurally intact muscle segments in 20-day-old mutants of the experimental group was 19% higher than in the control. Conclusions. C. officinalis extract exhibits gero- and myoprotective effects by slowing muscle degeneration and maintaining the locomotor activity in dystrophin-null mutants. These findings suggest that the extract is a promising candidate for the correction of muscle pathologies.

Formation and productivity of wheat shoots (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought

O. I. Zhuk, O. O. Stasik — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. The aim of the work was to study the formation and productivity of shoots and plants of bread winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under drought. Methods. Wheat plants cultivars Synthetic 240 and Kyivska 19 were grown in pots with optimal soil moisture until the earing-flowering phase, at the beginning of which some of the plants were transferred to a drought regime for 8 days, then optimal water supply was maintained until the plants matured. Shoot growth and the leaf area of the plants were measured during the experiment. Yield structure were analyzed in the ripened plants. Results. It was established that the drought during the phase of earing-flowering stopped plant growth in cultivar Kyivska 19 and delayed it in cultivar Synthetic 240. From the earing-flowering phase plants leaf area decreased in both wheat cultivars. The effect of drought accelerated leaf area decrease, reduced shoots length and decreased the number and weight of grains per plant more significantly in the Kyivska 19 wheat cultivar than in the Synthetic 240 cultivars, but did not reduce the weight of 1,000 grains. Conclusions. Drought conditions during the earing-flowering phase of winter wheat delayed shoot growth in cultivar Synthetic 240 and stopped it in cultivars Kyivska 19, accelerated leaf death in both cultivars, reduced grain productivity of plants.

Evaluation of introgression lines of winter bread wheat with the traits of resistance to fungal and viral diseases

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To determine the productivity of newly developed introgression wheat lines depending on the origin of alien traits and the level of resistance to fungal and viral diseases. Methods. Field trials, plant pathological assessment, and analysis of variance. Results. Powdery mildew and rust diseases did not cause significant yield losses in the introgression lines due to their low natural infection pressure. Yellow rust was the most harmful, but significantly reduced yield only in the most susceptible genotypes. Viral diseases affected all lines similarly and reduced yield regardless of the origin of alien traits. The lines with high group resistance to diseases or alien morphological traits were often low-yielding; however, some lines carrying the modified wheat–rye translocation 1BL.1RS_m showed better adaptability and productivity. The breeding lines combining group disease resistance and high yield were identified with low frequency, some of which were included in further breeding programs. Conclusions. The combination of high yield and group disease resistance is possible, although rare, indicating the complexity but promising potential of introgression breeding of winter bread wheat, particularly the successful use of resistance genes localized in the 1BL.1RS_m translocation.

Genetic analysis of oil content in seeds of carriers of various sweet corn mutations

D. S. Tymchuk, N. F. Tymchuk, Yu. V. Kharchenko, L. Ya. Kharchenko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Establishing the nature of inheritance on oil content in mature seeds of carriers of maize endosperm mutations su1, se1 and sh2. Methods. Genetic analysis of oil content was carried out in three diallel crosses schemes of the second Griffing method. The parental forms of the first scheme were 6 lines-carriers of the su1 mutation, the second scheme – 6 lines-carriers of the se1 mutation and the third scheme – 6 lines-carriers of the sh2 mutation. Analysis of oil content in seeds was carried out by the gravimetric method of S.V. Rushkovsky. Results. It was established that the inheritance of oil content in seeds of carriers of corn mutations su1, se1 and sh2 proceeds according by the types of incomplete dominance with a predominant contribution to the dispersion of additive effects or weakly expressed duplicative epistasis. The more higher oil content is regulated mainly by recessive alleles of the polygenic complex. Along with this, the oil content in sweet corn seeds is significantly dependent on the effects of monogenic mutations of the endosperm structure. Conclusions. The mutant maize genes su1, se1 and sh2 cause a significant increase in oil content in seeds compared to common corn. The effects of monogenic mutations of sweet corn can be enhanced by the effects of polygenic complexes.

Synchronization of estrus as a factor in increasing the reproductive capacity of the breeding female stock

A. S. Fediaieva, I. I. Honcharova, O. B. Shevchenko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Аim. To analyze the significance of estrus synchronization as a biotechnological approach to managing the reproduction of breeding stock and to determine its impact on conception rates, the regularity of the reproductive cycle, and the efficiency of utilizing animals’ genetic potential. Methods. The study was based on theoretical analysis, systematization, and generalization of domestic and international scientific sources on reproductive physiology, neuroendocrine regulation of the female estrous cycle, and modern methods of reproductive management. Results. The physiological foundations of the female estrous cycle and the role of the coordinated interaction of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries in ensuring timely estrus and ovulation were summarized. The mechanisms of action of hormonal preparations and the effectiveness of synchronization protocols were analyzed. It was established that their application contributes to shortening the service period, increasing conception rates after the first insemination, optimizing the organization of artificial insemination, and ensuring uniform offspring production. Conclusions. Estrus synchronization is an effective tool for intensifying the reproduction of breeding stock which, when used rationally, ensures improved reproductive performance and the economic efficiency of farms.

The impact of allelic variation in E-genes on total phenolic content and flavonoid accumulation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds

Yu. Yu. Yukhno — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To investigate the impact of early-stage photoperiodic induction (V3–V5 stages) n the partitioning of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in mature seeds of soybean near-isogenic lines (NILs) carrying various maturity gene combinations (E1–E3). Methods. Nearly isogenic lines (NILs) of soybean, in which the E-genes are located at different allelic loci, were used. Short-day (ShD) lines – genotypes E1E2E3, E1e2e3 and neutral-day (ND) lines – genotypes e1E2e3, e1e2E3, e1e2e3. Starting from the V3 stage, plants were exposed to either a natural long day (16 h) or an inductive short day (9 h) for 14 days. Total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid accumulation were subsequently analyzed in mature seeds. Results. A profound "metabolic memory" effect was observed, where early induction determines the final seed metabolome. ShD lines (with E1) exhibited significantly higher TPC, particularly following the 9-hour induction. In contrast, ND lines showed lower TPC but a significant shift toward flavonoid biosynthesis. The triple-recessive e1e2e3 genotype achieved the highest flavonoid content and a four-fold increase in the flavonoid-to-phenolic ratio compared to the dominant E1E2E3 line. The e1E2e3 genotype demonstrated metabolic stability, maintaining a constant flavonoid share regardless of the initial photoperiod. Conclusions. E-genes act as metabolic gatekeepers: dominant alleles prioritize generalized phenolic accumulation, while recessive alleles trigger specialized flavonoid partitioning. Photoperiodic neutrality is genetically linked to an enriched flavonoid profile in soybean seeds.

Growth inhibition and recovery of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) under mannitol- and sorbitol-induced osmotic stress in vitro

L. Golosna, O. Bobrova, B. Tunklova, M. Faltus — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To model water deficit in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) in vitro using mannitol and sorbitol and to evaluate genotype-dependent growth responses and recovery capacity. Methods. Six-week-old plants of two hop genotypes were cultured on modified Murashige and Skoog medium. Osmotic stress was induced by mannitol or sorbitol (0.01–1.0 M). Shoot height, callus formation, root number and length, and tissue water content were assessed during six weeks of cultivation. Recovery was evaluated after transfer to standard medium. Results. Both polyols induced concentration-dependent inhibition of shoot and root growth and reduced tissue water content. Mannitol caused stronger growth suppression than sorbitol at equivalent concentrations. Moderate sorbitol levels had limited effects on shoot growth and stimulated root development in some genotypes. Growth inhibition correlated with reduced tissue water content. Stress induced by moderate sorbitol concentrations was largely reversible, and transferred plants resumed active growth, in some cases exceeding control performance. Conclusions. Genotype-dependent differences in osmotic stress tolerance were revealed. Polyol-induced osmotic stress in vitro represents a practical approach for preliminary screening of hop genotypes for drought tolerance under climate change conditions.

Proline content in transgenic lines of winter wheat with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene in separate vegetation phase

O. V. Dubrovna, G. O. Priadkina — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Assessment of the free proline content in transgenic lines of winter wheat with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene compared to the original genotype in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organs in separate phases of vegetation and its impact on grain yield. Methods. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in planta; biochemical determination of free proline content; mathematical statistics. Results. It was shown that transgenic winter wheat plants accumulate proline in significant quantities under non-stressful conditions at different stages of vegetation, compared to non-transgenic plants, which is due to the partial suppression of the proline catabolism gene. The excess of its content in the flag leaves of transgenic lines compared to the original genotype both at beginning of heading and at flowering was near – 1.7–1.8 times. It was established that the content of this amino acid in the roots of plants of both non-transformed and transgenic lines was 60% of its values in the flag leaves at beginning of heading. A similar pattern of proline content in the roots was observed at flowering. Conclusions. It was found that transgenic winter wheat plants with partial suppression of the proline dehydrogenase gene under normal conditions accumulate more proline in the leaves compared to the roots at different stages of vegetation.

Problems and prospects for creating genetic collections of grain legumes

O. A. Zadorozhna, O. M. Bezuhla — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To determine the state of genetic collections of legumes at the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine and discuss promising approaches for forming new genetic collections for promising areas of legume breeding. Methods. The analysis of the state of genetic collections was carried out using visual analysis and analysis of literary sources. Results. The collections of garden peas (Pisum sativum L.), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), common chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), cultivated soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and edible lentils (Lens culinaris Medik) were analyzed. The proportion of genetic collections and their composition were determined.Modern genetic collections of leguminous crops registered in the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine are formed mainly on the basis of genes encoding morphological traits. The prospects for molecular research methods, including the identification of individual genes and QTL mapping, have been determined. Conclusions. In the future, based on achievements at the molecular level, it is necessary to create genetic collections of legumes that control the biochemical composition of seeds and resistance to major diseases. In the current scientific space, it is promising to identify polygenes that control disease resistance, protein and oil content, and their expression levels under climate change conditions.

Inheritance of the vernalization requirement duration in wheat hybrids of the Istra 1 variety carriers of different Vrd genes

V. R. Fedorova, I. O. Shvets, V. I. Fait, A. F. Stelmakh — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To establish genetic control of the vernalization requirement duration of the atypical wheat variety Istra 1 in terms of development rates. Methods. Phenological observations, artificial vernalization at +2 °C, cultivation under natural day conditions, one-factor analysis of variance and the χ² method. Results. The duration of the need for vernalization of the varieties Istra 1 and Mironivska 808 and monogenically dominant Vrd1 (808-Vrd1), Vrd2 (Mironivska 808-Vrd2) and Vrd3 (Albidum 114 KPY-Vrd3) lines was estimated and options for preliminary artificial vernalization were determined for the division of F₂ and BC₁ populations into phenotypic classes of carriers of dominant (plants that eared) and recessive (plants that did not eared) alleles of the Vrd gene. Conclusions. In F₁ hybrids, the dominance of a shorter duration of vernalization requirement, which was determined by the duration of the period before earing, was proven. The results of the analysis of F₂and BC₁ populations indicated the identity of the genetic control of the duration of the vernalization requirement of the varieties Istra 1 and Mironivska 808 and the presence of monogenic differences in the duration of the period before earing of the two varieties according to the earliness gene per se.

Genetic diversity of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in capability for haploid production in anther culture in vitro

O. V. Bilynska, O. V. Solonechna — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Analysis of data of the long-term investigations on the ability of spring barley varieties and lines differed in origin, biological and valuable agronomic traits for haploid production in anther culture in vitro. Methods. Anthers isolated from cold-pretreated spikes were cultivated on agar and starch solidified nutrient media containing N6 macro-and MS micronutrients, physiologically active substances and maltose (9.0%). Results. The capacities for production of calli, embryoids and plant regeneration were investigated in 30 varieties, three collection accessions and three doubled haploid lines. Response to androgenesis in vitro varied from 5.70 to 91.71% of morphogenic anthers and from 0 to 145.9 green plants per 100 cultivated anthers in dependence of genotype, donor plant growth conditions and culture medium. Eight genotypes that combined middle and high (20‒70 green regenerated plants per 100 anthers) capacities for haploid production with certain valuable agronomic characteristics were found. Conclusions. This work emphasizes the importance of further screening barley gene pool for selection of genotypes with a unique high cultuability as well as the improvement of special methods for increase haplod production in recaicitrant ones.

Model of cytokinin metabolism in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and identification of targets for pharmacological modulation of CKX to enhance grain productivity and stress tolerance

S. H. Khablak, V. M. Spychak, Y. A. Abdullaieva — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To develop a model of cytokinin metabolism in Triticum aestivum L. with identification of key pharmacological intervention points and substantiation of strategies to enhance productivity and stress tolerance through inhibition of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) enzymes. Methods. Systematic literature analysis, meta-analysis of inhibitor efficiency, conceptual modeling of the metabolic network, molecular docking (AutoDock Vina 1.2) of F-INCYDE and INCYDE to the structure of AtCKX2 (PDB: 1W5O), and analysis of application timing according to the BBCH scale. Results. A model of cytokinin metabolism was developed, including biosynthesis, transport/reception, and degradation. Four key intervention points were identified. The TaCKX gene family was shown to comprise multiple functional members with tissue-specific expression. F-INCYDE demonstrated higher binding affinity to AtCKX2 (ΔG = –8.4 kcal/mol) compared to INCYDE (ΔG = –7.9 kcal/mol). ZOGT was identified as a parallel target explaining the limited efficacy of INCYDE. Optimal application stages were determined (BBCH 31–39, 55–65, 71–77). Conclusions. Dual inhibition of CKX and ZOGT represents a promising strategy for regulating cytokinin homeostasis in wheat and requires further experimental validation.

The role of photoperiodic reaction in the formation of drought resistance in isogenic soybean lines

O. O. Avkstentieva, S. I. Kolomiychuk, Y. D. Batuieva — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Мета. Аналіз ролі фотоперіодичної реакції у формуванні посухостійкості сої шляхом визначення морфологічних, фізіологічних і адаптивних показників у сортів та ізогенних ліній (NILs) з різним типом фотоперіодичної чутливості. Методи. Аналіз посухостійкості проводили експрес-методом і за вегетаційних експериментів у піщаній культурі. Для створення умов «штучної посухи», насіння пророщували з додаванням 10% розчину манітолу, в умовах вегетаційних дослідів рослини культивували за різних умов повної вологоємності (ПВ). Аналізували схожість насіння, накопичення біомаси, ростову реакцію рослин (стадія V3–V4), вміст вільного проліну у листках і коренях рослин. Результати. В умовах штучної і ґрунтової посухи встановлено, що стрес-стійкі зразки сої культурної характеризуються вищими показниками посухостійкості за параметрами схожості насіння, накопичення біомаси, зростанням кореневої системи і підвищеним вмістом проліну у дослідних рослинах. Максимальними показниками посухостійкості характеризувалися фотоперіодично нейтральні рослини, мінімальними – з короткоденною фотоперіодичною реакцією. Висновки. Припускається, що рівень посухостійкості може бути пов’язаний з фотоперіодичною чутливістю й ознакою тривалості періоду вегетації, які детерміновані у сої системою Е-генів.

Design of degenerate primers for studying the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase in the psamophyte Alyssum desertorum

J. A. Bobrownyzky, L. Ye. Kozeko — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To address the question of how psammophytes (plants of sandy soils) can tolerate waterlogging, we chose a representative of the flora of Ukraine, Alyssum desertorum Stapf. An important component of plant resistance to excess water is rapid activation of anaerobic metabolism, the key enzyme of which is alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The genetic sequence of ADH gene in this species is unknown. The aim of the research was to design and evaluate efficiency of degenerate primers for studying ADH expression by RT-qPCR. Methods. Primers were selected based on an analysis of the literature and bioinformatic databases. Results. The position of A. desertorum was analysed taking into account molecular systematics, and the structure of ADH in related species was elucidated. A consensus sequence of the conserved region of the gene and primers have been created. A separate task was to design degenerate primers for the reference genes ACT2 and APRT. Testing of the primers by RT-PCR using two Brassicaceae species: A. desertorum and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., showed their effectiveness. Conclusions. It was concluded that the designed degenerate primers can be used for RT-qPCR analysis of ADH expression in A. desertorum under waterlogging.

Variability of the secondary structure of ITS2 region of rDNA as a diagnostic marker for non-marneffei species of the genus Talaromyces

S. О. Syrchin, Ya. І. Savchyk, О. М. Yurieva, А. О. Gaidai, N. О. Syplyva — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. Identifying the causative agents of fungemia belonging to the microscopic fungi of the genus Talaromyces C. R. Benj. remains a difficult task today. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the variability of the secondary structure of the ITS2 region of ribosomal DNA of potential non-marneffei causative agents of talaromycosis based on the analysis of consensus models and to determine the possibility of its use as an additional phylogenetic marker. Methods. The study used methods of comparative analysis of primary DNA sequences, construction of their secondary structure based on minimum free energy (MFE RNAfold), and analysis of conservative structures and mutation points (ITS2 Database). Results. It was determined that the ITS2 region of the studied species consists of 153–158 bp. It was established that secondary structure models constructed using the MFE method form three classic ITS2 hairpins. Mutations in the sequence of the second loop from the 5' end of the structure are considered decisive for the identification of the studied species Talaromyces. Conclusions. The secondary structure of the ITS2 region of rDNA can be used as an additional marker in the molecular identification of known non-marneffei pathogens of talaromycosis.

Differential expression of the chloroplast chloride conductance regulatory protein ICLN and chloroplast voltage-dependent chloride channel 1 in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under simulated drought conditions

H. I. Slishchuk, N. E. Volkova — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

Aim. To investigate influence of chloride ions transport on drought tolerance in chickpea. Methods. To analyze differential gene expression in two chickpea genotypes – Desi PI598080 (drought-sensitive) and Kabuli Flip07 318C (drought-tolerant) – 12 transcriptomes were examined. Experiments were conducted under control and simulated drought stress conditions. Sequence alignment was performed using Bowtie2. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied using the R programming language to assess the effects of the factors “genotype” and “conditions” on gene expression levels. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results. The ICLN gene demonstrated a clear and statistically significant effect of the “genotype” factor in response to drought, whereas chloroplast voltage-dependent chloride channel 1 showed no statistically significant differences. Conclusions. The ICLN gene was found to be involved in the plant drought response and represents a promising target both for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying drought tolerance and for the development of molecular markers to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.

Kunakh 80

N. M. Drobyk, I. I. Konvalyuk, I. O. Andreev, M. Z. Prokopiak — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

The article highlights the main stages of the life and scientific career of Viktor Anatoliiovych Kunakh, an outstanding Ukrainian biologist, geneticist and plant biotechnologist, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor and Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The main stages in his development as a scientist are presented, including his studies at Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University, the beginning of his scientific career at the M. G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, and his subsequent long-term work at the Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Particular attention is paid to V. A. Kunakh’s scientific achievements. He was one of the first researchers to conduct genetic studies of cultured plant cells and established a new scientific field – the genetics of cell populations. The practical significance of the results obtained for the development of highly productive producer cell strains of biologically active compounds of plant origin and for the advancement of medicinal plant biotechnology is demonstrated. The scientist’s current research areas are also considered, including medicinal plant biotechnology, pharmacological studies of biologically active compounds, plant molecular ecogenetics, the study of chromosomal and molecular genetic polymorphism in natural plant populations occurring under extreme environmental conditions, as well as investigations into the role of genomic and epigenomic plasticity in plant adaptation to stress factors.

The scope of V. A. Kunakh’s scientific achievements is analysed. His scientific output includes more than 650 publications, including monographs, chapters in Ukrainian and foreign publications, educational publications, more than 80 articles in foreign journals, as well as author’s certificates and patents. His longstanding teaching activities and contribution to the training of researchers are highlighted. Under his supervision or academic consultation, five doctoral and twenty candidate dissertations were completed and defended, demonstrating the development of a strong scientific school.

Considerable attention is devoted to V. A. Kunakh’s scientific, organisational, editorial and public activities, including his participation in the work of specialised academic councils, expert bodies, professional scientific societies and editorial boards of scientific publications. His many years as President of the M. I. Vavilov Ukrainian Society of Geneticists and Breeders and his role in organising the international scientific conferences “Factors of Experimental Evolution of Organisms” are emphasised.

The article summarises the major scientific achievements and honours of V. A. Kunakh. The significance of V. A. Kunakh’s scientific legacy for the development of modern biological science and the training of a new generation of researchers is demonstrated.

Evolution as the evolution of systemicity

O. M. Mikhyeyev — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0300

This paper proposes considering biological evolution from the perspective of the evolution of the systematicity (organization) of objects, that is, focusing not on traits or adaptations, but on the level and type of systematicity of evolving objects. Evolution is viewed as a process of growth, complication, transformation, and sometimes degradation of the systematicity of evolving objects – from loosely coupled molecular aggregates to stable, self-regulating, and self-reproducing systems, and further to multi-level systems with meta-connections and their own mechanisms for reproducing systematicity. This approach goes beyond the confines of biology and is applicable to cosmology, chemistry, culture, the psyche, and even the evolution of artificial intelligence. Evolution based on systematicity does not occur because objects strive for complexity, but because the environment demands the improvement of a systemic mode of existence. Leaps in systematicity are not a smooth increase in complexity; rather, they represent phase transitions in modes of organization caused by the accumulation of discrepancies between the capabilities of elements and the demands of the environment. Objects evolve in terms of systematicity when a persistent conflict arises between the intensity and variability of external factors and the insufficient adaptability of the current organization.