Molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in normal and pathological states
Abstract
Aim. To summarize current concepts of molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation in normal and pathological states of the human body, as well as to evaluate their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and development of diseases. Methods. An analytical review and systematization of recent scientific publications by global literature were conducted. The study focuses on transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic regulation of gene expression, chromatin remodeling mechanisms, and the role of non-coding RNAs in physiological and pathological processes. Results. It has been established that gene expression in controlled by a complex, multi-level system of regulatory mechanisms that ensure the spatiotemporal specificity of genetic information realization, cellular differentiation, and the body’s adaptation to environmental changes. It is shown that disruption in transcriptional control, epigenetic modifications of DNA and histones, as well as dysfunction of non-coding RNAs, are key links in the pathogenesis of hereditary, oncological, and multifactorial diseases. Conclusions. Research into the molecular genetic mechanisms of gene expression regulation is essential for deepening the understanding of the molecular basis of pathology, improving molecular diagnosis methods, predicting disease progression, and advancing personalized medicine.
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